Porcupine
The porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum) is second in size only to the beaver among rodents of Alaska and has the northernmost range of all the world's porcupines. There are few fossil remains of the porcupine and its immediate ancestors, but evidence indicates that they have only been a part of the North American fauna since three million years ago when they immigrated north from South America. The porcupine is found throughout all of Alaska except the Alaska Peninsula and Kodiak, Nunivak, and St. Lawrence islands.
General description: This stout, short-legged mammal is 25 to 31 inches (73-78 cm) long and is covered with hair and quills of varying length, except on the foot pads and nose. The tips of the long guard hairs are lighter and give the coat hues of yellow or white. The hair on the belly is sparse and varies from black to brown. The hair and a thick layer of body fat keep the porcupine warm during the winter. The tail is club-like and the upper surface is heavily covered with quills. The quilled pelage of the porcupine makes it unique among mammals in Alaska. The quills are modified hairs which have microscopic barbs on the tips and are filled with a spongy matrix. Quills from different parts of the body vary in length, flexibility, color, shaft diameter, and barb length.
The average weight of an adult male porcupine ranges from 15 to 18 pounds (7-8.5 kg), but some individuals can weigh up to 25 pounds (11.4 kg). Adult females weigh about 2 pounds (0.9 kg) less than the males.
The porcupine has excellent senses of smell, hearing, and taste, but its eyesight is poor. Porcupines make a wide variety of sounds ranging from whimpers to screams, depending upon the circumstance.
Life history: Breeding takes place in the fall months from September to November. Males seeking receptive females expand their home ranges up to five times the normal size. If more than one male shows interest in the same female, they will fight for the opportunity to mate with the female. Males use their incisor teeth and quills when fighting, and usually it is the largest and heaviest male which wins dominance. The breeding male then splashes the female with urine. If she is not ready to mate, she shakes off the urine and leaves. If she is ready, she stays and the male mounts in the traditional posture with the female in front and the male in the rear. She will curl her tail over her back, covering most of the quills. Males reach sexual maturity at 24 months and females at 12 months.
After a gestation period of about 210 days, only a single young is born. The gestation period is extremely long for a rodent, twice the time for a beaver. At birth the young weighs between 1 and 2 pounds (0.5-1.0 kg) and is about 10 inches (25 cm) long. Its eyes are open and its body covered with long grayish-black hairs and quills. Within a matter of hours the quills dry and serve as protection. The young porcupine is then capable of following its mother, although the young will not be able to climb large trees for several weeks. The young are able to eat some vegetation after a few weeks, but the female continues nursing the young for 3.5 months. During the summer the young stay close to their mothers, learning about den sites and food trees, but toward the end of summer they start to spend more time apart. By October, when the female mates again, the young are fully weaned and wander off to face the winter alone.
Female porcupines are territorial and will exclude other females, but males will overlap their home ranges. Females have approximately the same size territories, but male home ranges vary according to age and dominance with the largest males having the largest ranges.
During the winter, porcupines roost in their dens during the day and during periods of cold weather. They use earth or rock caves, hollow logs and trees, or even the thicker vegetation in a tree for dens. In areas without snowfall, dens are not used so much. Porcupines stay active throughout the winter. They feed during the night and during warmer weather.
Porcupines are mainly nocturnal, although they can occasionally be seen during the day. Since they roost and feed in trees, one would imagine that they are accomplished tree climbers, but when observed they are slow and awkward. Thirty percent of the animals examined in one study showed evidence of healed fractures indicating that they had fallen out of trees. When climbing, the porcupine uses the stiff bristles on the undersurface of the tail as support. The animal has long, curved front claws which also aid in climbing.
Food: The inner bark (phloem and cambium layers) of spruce and hemlock are the major winter foods for porcupine living in Alaska. In the spring and summer, buds and young green leaves of birch, aspen, and willow are eaten until the tannin levels build too high for the porcupine to tolerate. Because they are vegetarians and most vegetable matter is very low in sodium, porcupines need additional sodium in the blood to balance cell potassium levels. As a result, porcupines seek out salt sources such as natural licks, glue which bonds plywood together, human perspiration on tools, road salt, and some paints. Porcupines also feed on shed antlers and the bones of dead animals to obtain sodium.
Predation and defense: Most carnivores would not pass up a meal of porcupine. However, an encounter between a young inexperienced predator and a porcupine can be a very painful experience. Some unfortunate carnivores have starved to death because a mouthful of quills has prevented them from eating. In an effort to remove the quills, the predator can cause the barbed quills to work into the deep tissues. However, the quills are coated with a natural antibiotic and rarely cause infection. Predators have different means of killing and eating porcupines. The fisher circles around the porcupine until it can bite its nose. After repeated bites to the nose, the fisher then flips the porcupine over to attack the quill-free belly. The porcupine is then eaten leaving an empty quill-covered skin. This method may also be practiced by lynx, wolves, coyotes, and wolverines which have been recorded eating porcupines in Alaska.
When the porcupine is relaxed, the hair and quills lie flat and point backwards. When threatened, the porcupine draws up the skin of the back to expose quills facing all directions, and it then presents its formidable bristling back. The porcupine tries to keep its back facing the attacker and strikes back and forth with its tail. Although a porcupine cannot throw its quills, the quills are readily dislodged when the tail is shaken. This may give the impression that quills are being thrown. Recently acquired quills can be easily pulled out of animals with a pair of pliers. If a large number of quills are present or the have been allowed to work in, the animal will have to be anesthetized in order to remove them.
Conservation and management: The porcupine can be easily approached and killed with a club because of its plodding gait. This trait has saved the lives of hungry Natives, trappers, and miners in times past. For this reason, although the hunting season is open all year with no bag limit, many people do not kill porcupines without cause. Some people find the meat too strong, but in some areas of the state, porcupines with their heavy layer of fat are considered a delicacy.
Quills sewn onto deerskin used to be the trading wampum of the Northeastern Indian tribes. Quills are still used for decoration by the Athabaskans of Interior Alaska. Natives used to kill porcupines just for their quills, but today the Natives corner the animal and then tap the back of the animal with a styrofoam paddle to collect all the quills they need. The quills are dyed with locally obtainable vegetable materials and then sewn into skin clothing, earrings, and artistic items.
Porcupines can be injurious to commercial forests and reforestation projects by feeding on the terminal buds or eating the bark all the way around the trees. When such problems occur, site specific control may be necessary, although within most of Alaska porcupines are not numerous enough to do much damage.
